| Learning Intelligence: The Exchange of  Secret Service Knowledge between Germany and the Arab Middle East 1960 - 2010 
              Dr Sophia Hoffmann This  project investigates whether the international relations between Arab and  German secret services resulted in an exchange of knowledge, and whether this  exchange resulted in similarities and/or differences in the shape, conduct and  politics of German and Arab secret services. Knowledge is here conceptualised  as modus operandi; as the ideas and practices about how to develop, justify and  run a secret service. Secret services are an extremely widespread institution  of modern states, yet social sciences’ empirical and theoretical understanding  of their functioning remains very shallow, and strongly focused on the  Anglo-Saxon world. Coming from a political science perspective, with  interdisciplinary cross-over into history, sociology and Middle East studies,  this project proposes archival, literature and interview research to develop  innovative answers about the nature, impact and role of secret services across  different types of states and regimes. 
 
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